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Benefactors, Kings, Rulers: Studies on the Seleukid Empire between East and West

by: Engels, D.

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Category: Studia Hellenistica
Code: 22984
ISBN-13: 9789042933279 / 978-90-429-3327-9
ISBN-10: 9042933275 / 90-429-3327-5
Publisher: Peeters
Publication Date: 2017
Publication Place: Leuven
Binding: Paper
Pages: 603
Book Condition: New
Comments: Studia Hellenistica 57

Summary:
The present volume contains a series of critical studies devoted to the political, institutional and ideological construction of the Seleukid empire, with particular focus on the complex interplay between the Seleukids' Graeco-Macedonian background and their Achaimenid heritage. In order to explore to what extend the Seleukids can be considered heirs to the Achaimenids and precursors of the Parthians, and to what extent they simply 'imported' cultural and political behavioural patterns developed in Greece and Macedonia, the studies collected here adopt a decidedly interdisciplinary and diachronic approach. They investigate diverse fields, including the construction of the Seleukid royal court; the title of 'Great King'; the prosopography of early Seleukid Iran; the integration of the 'Upper Satrapies' into the new Seleukid empire; the continued importance of the Iranian religions under the early Seleukids; the reign of the Persian Frataraka; the 'feudalisation' of the Seleukid empire under Antiochos III; the construction of a Hellenistic gymnasion in Seleukid Jerusalem; the importance of the Seleukid kingdom as a model for Eunous' Sicilian slave-state; the evolution of the Syrian civic elite; and the potential influence of Seleukos' royal propaganda on the religious self-legitimation of Augustus. Finally, a general comparison is proposed between the Seleukid empire and 19th century European colonialism.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Introduction
1. Benefactors of the Greeks, Kings of the Macedonians and Rulers
over as many Barbarians as possible? Reassessing the Seleukid
Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Benefactors, Kings or Rulers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Reassessing the Seleukid Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The Seleukids and the ?Longue Durée?
2. Middle Eastern ?Feudalism? and Seleukid Dissolution . . . . . . 23
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2. Dissolution or Feudalisation of an Empire? . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3. The Satraps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4. Rural Societies and Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5. The King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3. Some Reflections on the Use of the Titles ?Great King? and ?King
of Kings? from the 3rd to the 1st Century BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2. Assyrians and Achaimenids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3. Alexander and the Seleukids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4. Parthia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.5. Pontos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.6. Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4. The Achaimenid and the Seleukid Court: Continuity or Change? 73
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2. The Court?s Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3. The Politics of Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.4. The Architectural Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.5. Literary Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Founding the Seleukid Empire:
Seleukos I and Antiochos I
5. Conquest and Administration: The ?Upper Satrapies? under the
Early Seleukids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2. Establishing the Seleukid Power in the East . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.3. Antiochos as Governor of the Upper Satrapies . . . . . . . . 114
5.4. The Satrapies and their Officials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.5. Seleukid Officials with Local Background? . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.5.2. Andragoras and the Andragorids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.5.3. Sophytos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.5.4. Oxyartes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.5.5. The Frataraka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.6. Social Structures and Iranian Nobility in the Upper Satrapies 147
5.7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6. Creating a New Empire: Colonisation, Syncretism, Exploration
and Defence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.2. Staying Greek, Becoming Seleukid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.3. Founding Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.4. Antiochos I and Early Seleukid Colonisation in the East . 172
6.5. Constructing a New Imperial koine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6.6. Defining Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.7. Defending Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
6.8. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7. Apama, the Fire Sanctuary of Antiocheia and the Persian Feast
of Damaskos: The Early Seleukids and the Religions of Iran . 213
7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.2. Alexander and Zoroastrianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.3. Apama and the Achaimenids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.4. Seleukos I and Mazdean Symbolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.5. Antiochos? Persian Feast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
7.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
Centre and Periphery
8. A New Frataraka Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.2. The Archaeological and Literary Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
8.3. The Numismatic Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
8.3.1. Ardashir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8.3.2. Vahbarz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.3.3. Vadfradat I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
8.3.4. Bagadat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.4. Chronology: High or Low? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.4.1. ?High? Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
8.4.2. ?Low? Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.5. Towards a New Model of Frataraka History . . . . . . . . . . 268
8.5.1. Ardashir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.5.2. Vahbarz – a Rebel? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
8.5.3. The Word krny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
8.5.4. The Legend on Coin c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
8.5.5. The Control Monogram and the Historical Context 284
8.5.6. The Stabbed Soldier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.5.7. Vadfradat I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
8.5.8. Bagadat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
9. Antiochos III the Great and His Empire: Some Thoughts on
the ?Feudalisation? of the Seleukid Periphery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.2. Regaining the Periphery: an Overview of the New Seleukid
Client States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
9.2.1. Media Atropatene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
9.2.2. Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
9.2.3. Parthia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
9.2.4. Margiane and Sogdiane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
9.2.5. Baktria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
9.2.6. India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
9.2.7. Arachosia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
9.2.8. Areia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
9.2.9. Drangiane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
9.2.10. Karmania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
9.2.11. Persis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
9.2.12. Kappadokia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
9.2.13. Galatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
9.2.14. Pergamon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
9.2.15. Arabia, Gerrha, Judaia and Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
9.3. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
10. The Gymnasion of Jerusalem and the Revolt of the Maccabees:
Sports, Religion and Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
10.2. Gymnasia in the Seleukid Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
10.3. The Cultural and Institutional Situation of Jerusalem in
the 2nd Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
10.4. The ?Antiocheians? in Jerusalem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
10.5. The Gymnasion of Jerusalem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
10.6. On the Road towards Hellenisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
10.7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Continuity and Reception
11. A Syrian Sicily? Seleukid Aspects of the First Sicilian Slave War
and the Reign of Eunous-Antiochos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
11.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
11.2. The First Sicilian Slave War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
11.3. King ?Antiochos? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
11.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
12. The Civic Elites of the Colonies of the Syrian Tetrapolis between
Seleukids, Armenians, Parthians and Romans . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
12.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
12.2. From Antiochos IV to Tigranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
12.2.1. General Historical Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
12.2.2. Prosopographical Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
12.3. From Tigranes to Augustus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
12.3.1. General Historical Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
12.3.2. Prosopographical Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
12.3.2.1. Antiocheia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
12.3.2.2. Seleukeia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
12.3.2.3 Laodikeia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
12.3.2.4. Apameia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
12.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
12.4.1. Local Elites? Expectations of the People . . . . . . . 450
12.4.2. The People?s Expectations of the Local Elites . . 451
12.4.3. Local Elites? Expectations of the Imperial Administration
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
12.4.4. The Imperial Administration?s Expectations of
the Local Elites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
13. Prodigies and Religious Propaganda: Seleukos and Augustus . 455
13.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
13.2. Birth Prodigies concerning Alexander, Seleukos and Augustus
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
13.3. Further Similarities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
13.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Epilogue
14. The Man Who Would Be King: 19th Century Colonialism and
the Construction of the Hellenistic Empires. An (Im)possible
Comparison? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
14.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
14.2. Discovering the Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
14.3. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
14.4. Royal Legitimacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
14.5. Founding a New Aristocracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
14.6. Civilisation and Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
14.7. Colony and Metropolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
14.8. Colonisation and Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
14.9. Technical Superiority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
14.10. Continuity and Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
14.11. Returning Home – or Going Native? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
14.12. Local and Foreign Domination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
14.13. The Fragility of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
14.14. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
General Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

 
  Already viewed

Benefactors, Kings, Rulers: Studies on the Seleukid Empire between East and West

by: Engels, D.

  • ISBN-13: 9789042933279 / 978-90-429-3327-9
  • ISBN-03: 9042933275 / 90-429-3327-5
  • Peeters, Leuven, 2017

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