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Chios dicta est… et in Aegaeo sita mari: Hisrorical Archaeology and Heraldry on Chios

by: Koukouni, I.N.

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Category: New Books
Code: 27661
ISBN-13: 9781789697469 / 978-1-78969-746-9
ISBN-10: 1789697468 / 1-78969-746-8
Publisher: Archaeopress
Publication Date: 2021
Publication Place: Oxford
Binding: Paper
Pages: 307
Book Condition: New
Comments: Archaeopress Archaeology

Historical Archaeology and Heraldry on Chios presents the results of research into the island?s medieval period, a terra incognita in the contemporary scholarly record. It is the first to be devoted to this topic in more than 100 years, following the publication of the seminal History of Chios by G. Zolotas in the 1920s. The book discusses the archaeology and history of Chios during the Byzantine and Genoese periods, focusing on Mount Amani, the region on the north-western part of the island. Harsh, remote, and poor, Mount Amani is nevertheless surprisingly rich in material for the landscape archaeologist and the student of historical topography, yet unknown in scholarly literature. Different types of evidence—both tangible and intangible—are used to discuss aspects of the local history and culture, from the evolution of the Byzantine settlement pattern, the rural economy, communications by land and sea and the chain of watchtowers, to the genealogy, the prosopography and the insignia of the local aristocracy, with many stone carvings illustrated for the first time.

About the Author
Ioanna N. Koukouni is a medieval archaeologist and expert in Cultural Heritage Digitisation, a graduate of the National & Kapodistrian University of Athens and the University of Birmingham. After holding a European research fellowship, she co-founded the Centro degli Studi sui Genovesi in Oltremare – NPO together with Professors Sandra Origone and Gabriella Airaldi, aiming to promote and disseminate research on the medieval Genoese network overseas.

Paperback; 205x290mm; 330 pages; 18 figures, 6 maps, 125 plates.

Contents
List of Figures, Maps and Plates ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v
Acknowledgements �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii
Abbreviations ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiv
Introduction�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
PART A. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF MOUNT AMANI ...............................................................................................1
The Geographical Region ................................................................................................................ 1
Why North Chios? ........................................................ 1
Past Historiography ................................................................................................................ 2
The first pioneers: historical research in the second half of the 19th century. .....................................................2
From the end of the 19th to the 20th century: Systematic scholarly work. ...........................................................2
The history of archaeological exploration on Chios ...................................................................................................5
The Anavatos Project ....... 6
Assessment ....... 7
Aims ............................................................................................................... 7
Methodology ................................................................................................................ 8
The problems ........................................................ 8
Methods ........................................................ 10
Time span and focus ....... 12
Primary Sources ................................................................................................................ 13
Provincial administration: the testimony of the lead seals (Figs 8, 10). ................................................................13
I. The geographical and administrative unit of the Nesoi: Seals of the Nesoi ................................................14
II. Geographical – administrative unit of the Aigaion Pelagos: Seals of the Aigaion Pelagos ......................14
III. Chios ....... 15
Geographical definition of the insular complexes ..............................................................................................15
What do the sources reveal about the status of Chios? ...........................................................................................17
The seals of the kommerkiarioi ........................................................ 18
Chios: Capital of the theme of Aigaion Pelagos or a theme in its own right? .......................................................18
PART B. HERALDRY AND VERNACULAR SCULPTURE ....................................................................................................21
PART A. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF MOUNT AMANI
Chapter 1. The Archaeology and Topography of Mount Amani�������������������������������������������������������������������������27
1.1. Physical Geography (Map I, fig. 1) ..............................................................................................................................27
1.1.2. Climate ........................................................ 27
1.1.3. Drainage (Figs. 2-3) ...............................................................................................................................................28
1.1.4. Vegetation (Plates 73-74) ....................................................... 28
1.2. Upland Chios: Settlements and Sites ..........................................................................................................................29
1.2.1. Volissos (Plates 1-29) ........................................................ 30
1.2.1.1. Topography ....... 30
1.2.1.2. History ....... 31
1.2.1.3. Description of the Castle ...........................................................................................................................32
1.2.1.4. Masonry .......................................................................................................................................................32
1.2.1.5. Towers ....... 33
1.2.1.6. Buildings within the walls ........................................................................................................................34
1.2.1.7. Dating ....... 36
1.2.1.8. Village Fortifications ....... 40
1.2.2. Pyrama (Plates 32-33) ........................................................ 40
1.2.2.1. Description of the tower ...........................................................................................................................41
1.2.3. Parparia (Plate 34) ........................................................ 41
1.2.4. Angelos (Castel Sant?Angelo, Sanctus Angelus) (Plates 35-39) ......................................................................42
1.2.4.1. Travellers? accounts ....... 44
1.2.5. Ta Markou (Plates 40-44) ........................................................ 44
1.2.6. Aria (Arious, Ariousia) (Plates 45-46) ................................................................................................................46
1.2.7. Panaghia at Loutra (= Virgin Mary at the Baths) (Plates 47-48) ....................................................................48

1.2.8. Vasilika (Plates 49-51) ........................................................ 48
1.2.9. Aghios Panteleimon - Varvarithos (Plates 52-54) ...........................................................................................49
1.2.10. Varnariti (?) ........................................................ 49
1.2.11. Katavasis (Plate 55) ........................................................ 50
1.2.12. Siderounta (Plates 56-58) ........................................................ 50
1.3. The Local Warning System (Plates 59-62) ..................................................................................................................50
1.3.1. Architecture of the coastal signal forts (Plates 59-62) ....................................................................................52
1.3.2. Lines of communication (Fig. 4) .........................................................................................................................52
1.4. Discussion ............................................................................................................... 53
1.4.1. Castles of the seventh to eighth centuries ......................................................................................................53
1.4.2. Mount Amani and Volissos ....................................................... 54
1.4.3. Defence ........................................................ 56
1.5. The Rural Space: Peasant Architecture and Material Culture (Plates 70-72) .......................................................56
1.5.1. Peasant Architecture ........................................................ 56
1.5.1.1. Definition of the problem .......................................................................................................................56
1.5.1.2. The northern Chiot village: general features .........................................................................................57
1.5.1.3. Position of the village ....... 58
1.5.1.4. House plans ....... 59
1.5.1.5. Other loci ....... 60
1.5.1.6. Towers ....... 60
1.5.1.7. Water mills ....... 61
1.5.1.8. Naydria or Exokklesia (rural churches) .................................................................................................61
1.5.1.9. Volissos (Plates 63, 64, 65a) ........................................................................................................................61
1.5.1.10. Siderounta (Plates 65b, d, 66) ..................................................................................................................62
1.5.1.11. Parparia (Plates 68, 69a, b) .......................................................................................................................63
1.5.1.12. Pyrama (Plate 69c, d) ....... 63
1.5.2. Discussion ..............................................................................................................................................................64
1.5.2.1. Organisation of the settlements ...............................................................................................................64
1.5.3. Material Culture (Plates 71-72) .........................................................................................................................65
Chapter 2. Society and Economy �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69
2.1. The Chiot Social Pyramid ............................................................................................................... 69
2.1.1. Aristocracy (Figs. 14, 16, 18)........................................................ 69
2.1.1.1. Lay Archontes ....... 69
2.1.1.2. Ecclesiastical dynatoi - magnates ............................................................................................................71
2.1.2. Jews: subjects of residential segregation and special taxation .....................................................................73
2.1.2.1. Conclusion ....... 75
2.1.3. Middle & lower classes: Peasants and paroikoi (Fig. 17) ..................................................................................75
2.1.3.1. Middle class ....... 75
2.1.3.2. Dependent Peasants ....... 76
2.1.3.3. Conclusion ....... 78
2.2. Historical Topography: Mosastic Holdings and Lay Estates ...................................................................................78
2.2.1. Nea Moni ........................................................ 78
2.2.2. Lay estates ....................................................... 80
2.2.3. Epilogue ........................................................ 81
2.3. Prosopography ................................................................................................................ 82
2.4. Economy ................................................................................................................ 85
2.4.1. Preface: Great estates and dependant peasants ..............................................................................................85
2.4.2. The villages, fiscal units ....................................................... 86
2.4.2.1. Definition of a village ....... 87
2.4.2.2. Origins ....... 87
2.4.3. Agriculture........................................................ 87
2.4.3.1. Rural Economy: Products of Chios ............................................................................................................88
2.4.3.2. Mastic (Fig. 9) ....... 88
2.4.3.3. Grapes ....... 90
2.4.3.4. Cereals ....... 90
2.4.3.5. Arboriculture ....... 91
2.4.3.6. Almonds ....... 91
2.4.3.7. Olive trees ....... 92
2.4.3.8. Citrus (Fig. 13) ....... 92
2.4.3.9. Figs ....... 92
2.4.3.10. Carobs ....... 92
2.4.3.11. Mulberry ....... 92
2.4.3.12. Silk ....... 93
2.4.4. Industrial Products and Artisanal Production .................................................................................................94
2.4.4.1. Industrial crops ....... 94
2.4.4.2. Cotton ...........................................................................................................................................................94
2.4.4.3. Cloth industry and trade ............................................................................................................................95
2.4.4.4. Alum .............................................................................................................................................................95
2.4.4.5. Marble ....... 95
2.4.4.6. Salt ....... 96
2.4.4.7. Pitch ....... 96
2.4.4.8. Fishes ....... 96
2.4.5. Land Use .................................................................................................................................................................96
2.4.5.1. Incultum ....... 96
2.4.5.2. Forest products ....... 96
2.4.5.3. Arts and crafts ....... 97
2.4.6. Animal Husbandry ........................................................ 97
2.4.6.1. Livestock ....... 97
2.5. Town and Countryside: An Overview .........................................................................................................................97
2.5.1. Byzantine economy ..............................................................................................................................................97
2.5.1.1. The context ....... 97
2.5.1.2. Observations ....... 97
2.5.2. The Eleventh century context ............................................................................................................................98
2.5.3. The Palaeologan period: the era of the commercial Democracies ...............................................................98
2.6. Conclusion................................................................................................................ 99
2.6.1. Society ........................................................ 100
Chapter 3. Conclusions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������101
3.1. An Overview ............................................................................................................... 101
3.1.1. General context ........................................................ 101
3.1.2. The components of the historic landscape of Mount Amani ......................................................................101
3.2. Discussion ............................................................................................................... 101
3.2.1. Settlement pattern ........................................................ 101
3.2.1.1. Incastellamento ....... 102
3.2.2. Dark Age contexts ........................................................ 103
3.2.2.1. Smyrna ....... 103
3.2.2.2. Miletus ....... 103
3.2.2.3. Pergamon....... 104
3.2.2.4. Priene ....... 104
3.2.3. Main centres on Mount Amani .........................................................................................................................104
3.2.4. Farming regions ........................................................ 105
3.2.5. Pottery ........................................................ 107
3.3. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects .............................................................................................................107
Appendices ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������110
Appendix I ................................................................................................................ 110
Seals of the Nesoi ........................................................ 110
Sixth century ....... 110
Seventh century ....... 110
Eighth century ....... 110
Eleventh century ....... 110
Appendix II................................................................................................................ 110
Seals of Aigaion Pelagos ........................................................ 110
Eighth century ....... 110
Eighth – ninth century ....... 110
Ninth century ....... 110
Ninth – tenth century ....... 111
Tenth century ....... 111
Tenth – Eleventh century ....... 112
Eleventh century ....... 112
Eleventh – twelfth century ....... 112
Undated ....... 112
Appendix III ................................................................................................................ 113
Seals of Chios ........................................................ 113
Seventh century ....... 113
Eighth century ....... 113
Eighth or ninth century ....... 113
Ninth century ....... 113
Ninth / Tenth century ....... 113
Tenth century ....... 113
Tenth / Eleventh century ....... 113
Eleventh century ....... 113
Volissos (?) (Fig. 10) ......................................................................................................................................................113
Ecclesiastical Administration ....................................................... 113
Glossary ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������115
Figures ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������116
Maps��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������130
Plates ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������135
PART B. HERALDRY AND VERNACULAR SCULPTURE
Chapter 1. Genoese Occupation: Introduction of Coats of Arms����������������������������������������������������������������������213
1.1. Definition of coats of arms ................................................................................................................ 213
1.2. Historical Background................................................................................................................ 214
1.2.1. Social stratification of Chios: The origins of the Chiot noble class ............................................................214
1.2.2. Chios: a Genoese soil in the Levant (1304-1329 & 1346-1566)....................................................................214
1.2.2.1. Architecture ....... 215
1.2.3. The Turkish Occupation (1566-1912)..............................................................................................................216
1.3. The Stone Carvings ................................................................................................................ 216
1.3.1. Coats of Arms (Plates 1-10) ........................................................ 216
1.3.2. Inscriptions (Plate 11) ........................................................ 222
Chapter 2. Commercial Expansion, 1700-1822: Stone Carvings as Personal and Professional Symbols ��������223
2.1. Historical Background ................................................................................................................ 223
2.2. The Stone Carvings ................................................................................................................ 224
2.2.1. Family arms and symbols (Plates 12-21) .........................................................................................................225
2.2.2. Inscriptions (Plate 22) ........................................................ 229
Chapter 3. Chios in the Nineteenth Century: Vernacular Carvings�����������������������������������������������������������������231
3.1. Historical Background................................................................................................................ 231
3.2. The Stone Carvings ................................................................................................................ 232
3.2.1. Pictorial reliefs (Plates 23-42) ..........................................................................................................................232
3.2.2. Protective Symbols (Plates 43-45) ....................................................................................................................238
3.2.3. Inscriptions (Plates 46-49)........................................................ 239
Epilogue ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������241
Glossary ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������242
Plates ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������243
Bibliography�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������292
Primary sources ............................................................................................................... 292
Secondary literature ...........................................................................................................................................................293
Index �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������304
Place Names ................................................................................................................ 304
Index of Names ................................................................................................................ 307

 
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Chios dicta est… et in Aegaeo sita mari: Hisrorical Archaeology and Heraldry on Chios

by: Koukouni, I.N.

  • ISBN-13: 9781789697469 / 978-1-78969-746-9
  • ISBN-03: 1789697468 / 1-78969-746-8
  • Archaeopress, Oxford, 2021

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